Attribute VB_Name = "Module2" 'DEMO Set of Julia ' J-P Moreau Const bord = 100 Public incx As Double, incy As Double, P As Double, Q As Double Public x1 As Double, x2 As Double, y1 As Double, y2 As Double Public limite As Integer Dim compt As Integer Dim module As Double, x As Double, y As Double Dim aux As Double, xx As Double, yy As Double '*************************************************************************** '* FRACTALS: SET OF JULIA * '* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- * '* TUTORIAL: * '* * '* PRELIMINARY: THE SET OF MANDELBROT (see program mandel.pas) * '* * '* The set of Mandelbrot is a figure in the complex plane, that is (for no * '* mathematicians) the plane allowing to represent complex numbers having * '* the form a + i b, a is the real part (ox componant) and b is the * '* imaginary part (oy componant). The imaginary number i is the unity of * '* axis oy, defined as i x i = -1. In the following, we will use the * '* multiplication of two complex numbers and the module value of a complex * '* number before defining the set of Mandelbrot itself. * '* * '* Multiply z1 by z2 * '* * '* Let be z1 = a1 + i b1 and z2 = a2 + i b2, two complex numbers. To cal- * '* culate Z = z1 x z2, one just has to algebraically develop the expression* '* (a1 + i b1)*(a2 + i b2), replacing i² by -1 and sepatating constant * '* terms from i terms. One easily obtains: * '* * '* Z = (a² - b²) + i (2ab) * '* * '* Module of a complex number * '* * '* Every complex number a + i b can be represented as the point of coordi- * '* nates (a, b) in the complex plane. Its module is nothing other than the * '* distance of this point from origin (0,0), that is to say: * '* * '* | Z | = square root of (a² + b²) * '* * '* We can now define the iterative process that will lead us to the magni- * '* ficent "Set of Mandelbrot": * '* * '* We take, as a starting point, a fixed complex number c, and we calculate* '* the complex expression z² + c, z being a variable complex number. * '* Let us take z = 0, then z² + c equals c. Let us replace z by c in the * '* formula z² + c, then we obtain c² + c. Let us again remplace z by this * '* new value, then we obtain (c²+c)² + c. Such a process is indefinitly * '* resumed, each new value z² + c is taken as new value z. This provides * '* an unlimited series of z numbers. * '* * '* The mathematician Mandelbrot was the first to notice that, according to * '* the chosen value c, the series of complex numbers z so obtained could * '* have a module, either rapidly tending towards infinity, or tending * '* towards a finite value, whatever the number of iterations may be. * '* * '* Two examples: * '* * '* 1) c = 1 + i * '* * '* iteration new z module of z * '* ____________________________________________ * '* 1 1 + 3i 3,16227... * '* 2 -7 + 7i 9,89949... * '* 3 1-97i 97,00515... * '* 4 -9407-193i 9408,97965 * '* * '* The module of z increases very rapidly. * '* * '* 2) c = -1 + 0,25 i * '* * '* iteration new z module de z * '* ____________________________________________ * '* 1 -0,5 - 0i 0,5 * '* 2 -0,25 + 0,5i 0,55902... * '* 3 -0,687 + 0,25i 0,73154... * '* * '* At 80th iteration, z = 0.40868 + 0,27513 i, the module equals 0,49266...* '* The module remains with a finite value, whatever the number of itera- * '* tions may be. Practically, we will consider that the limit is obtained * '* after 100 iterations, if the module of z is < 4. The set of Mandelbrot, * '* still called the Mandelbrot man, because of its shape, is constituted * '* by all the points for which the expression z² + c has a finite value * '* whatever the number of iterations may be. * '* * '* * '* SET OF JULIA * '* * '* If you take as a rule to fix the value of complex number c and to make * '* vary the starting value of complex number z, you define a new set, * '* different from the previous set of Mandelbrot, called Set of Julia, * '* after the name of a french mathematician who studied it first. Each new * '* c value injected into the iterative formula z² + c generates a new set * '* of Julia which are in unlimited amount. These sets of Julia can have * '* amazingly different forms according to the starting value. * '* * '* If the starting point c is chosen inside the main body of the Mandelbrot* '* man, then the corresponding set of Julia is in one single part. * '* According to other possible starting points, the set of Julia can have * '* the form of an infinity of so called fractal circles, or a "dendritic" * '* line (with many ramifications), or can be composed of several parts. * '* At the limit, if c is far away from the Mandelbrot man's body, the set * '* of Julia is reduced to a "dust" of points, called "Fatou's dust" after * '* the name of another french mathematician. * '* * '* The program asks for the following parameters: * '* * '* x1, x2: interval for ox axis * '* y1, y2: interval for oy axis * '* Lim : maximum number of iterations * '* p, q : coordinates of starting point c * '* * '* Some interesting examples: * '* * '* (Dragon shape) * '* x1 = -1.5 x2 = 1.5 * '* y1 = -1.5 y2 = 1.5 Lim = 200 * '* p = 0.32 q = 0.043 * '* * '* (Jewel shape) * '* x1 = -1.8 x2 = 1.8 * '* y1 = -1.8 y2 = 1.8 Lim = 200 * '* p = -0.74543 q = 0.11301 * '* * '* (cactus shape) * '* x1 = -1.4 x2 = 1.4 * '* y1 = -1.4 y2 = 1.4 Lim = 200 * '* p = -0.12 q = 0.74 * '* * '* Up to you to discover other ones ! * '* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- * '* REFERENCE: * '* "Graphisme dans le plan et dans l'espace avec Turbo Pascal 4.0 * '* By R. Dony - MASSON, Paris 1990" [BIBLI 12]. * '* * '* Visual Basic release by J-P Moreau * '* (to be used with gr2d.bas and Julia.Frm) * '* (www.jpmoreau.fr) * '*************************************************************************** Sub Julia() Donnees Form1.AutoRedraw = False Form1.Cls Fenetre x1, x2, y1, y2 cloture bord, MaxX - bord, bord, MaxY - bord Bordure Display 300, 300, "Set of Julia" ch$ = "x1=" & CStr(x1) & " x2=" & CStr(x2) & " y1=" & CStr(y1) ch$ = ch$ & " y2=" & CStr(y2) & " p=" & CStr(P) & " q=" & CStr(Q) & " Lim=" & CStr(limite) Display 2000, 5600, ch$ xx = x1 Do While xx <= x2 yy = y1 Do While yy <= 0 compt = 0 module = 0 x = xx: y = yy Do While (compt <= limite) And (module <= 4) aux = x x = x * x - y * y + P y = 2 * y * aux + Q module = x * x + y * y compt = compt + 1 Loop If module <= 4 Then MoveXY -xx, -yy LineXY -xx + incx, -yy MoveXY xx, yy LineXY xx + incx, yy End If yy = yy + incy Loop xx = xx + incx Loop End Sub Sub Donnees() x1 = -1.5: x2 = 1.5 y1 = -1.5: y2 = 1.5 limite = 100 P = 0.32: Q = 0.043 MaxX = 8300: MaxY = 6000 incx = 10 * (x2 - x1) / MaxX incy = 10 * (y2 - y1) / MaxY End Sub